Design and development of an Early Warning System For Railway Level Crossings with arrival detection and speed monitoring based on Arduino Uno and Inductive Proximity Sensor

Arief Darmawan; Trinil Muktiningrum

doi:10.37367/jrtt.v4i2.62

Authors

Arief Darmawan Universitas Kahuripan Kediri
Trinil Muktiningrum Universitas Kahuripan Kediri

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.37367/jrtt.v4i2.62

Keywords:

Early Warning, Level Crossing, Proximity Sensor

Abstract

Railway level crossings are critical safety points prone to accidents, necessitating a reliable Early Warning System (EWS) to protect road users. This study designs and evaluates an EWS integrating Arduino Uno and inductive proximity sensors to detect train arrivals and monitor train speed at a level crossing in Blitar Regency. Field experiments were conducted with sensors installed at an optimal maximum distance of 30 mm from the train wheel flange. Over a five-day period, the sensors achieved a wheel detection success rate of approximately 99.95%, while the speed counting system showed an accuracy of 87.22% compared to GPS tracking data. The 12.78% deviation in speed measurement falls within acceptable tolerance limits according to international standards on measurement uncertainty and railway electromagnetic compatibility. Performance decreased significantly beyond the 30 mm threshold, confirming the recommended installation distance. Compared to existing systems, this approach demonstrates improved modularity and algorithmic flexibility that enable future accuracy enhancements. Routine maintenance and regular calibration are essential to sustain system stability. Future work will focus on algorithm development for enhanced train speed calculation precision and expanded testing under

References

Anonim, 2007, Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 23 Tahun 2007 Tentang Perkeretaapian, Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Jakarta.

. A. P. Iswanto, M. Diah, N. Ahda, dan Ayunda, "Analisis Peningkatan Keselamatan Pada Perlintasan Sebidang Kereta Api Tanggulangin-Porong (Studi Kasus: JPL 75 KM 31+368)," Jurnal Keselamatan Transportasi Jalan (Indonesian Journal of Road Safety), vol. 9, no. 2, hlm. 92–102, 2022, doi: 10.46447/ktj.v9i2.433.

. Direktorat Jenderal Perhubungan Darat, Peraturan Direktur Jenderal Perhubungan Darat Nomor SK.770/KA.401/DRJD/2005 tentang Pedoman Teknis Perlintasan Sebidang Antara Jalan Dengan Jalur Kereta Api, Jakarta: Kementerian Perhubungan, 2005.

. E. Riady, "99% dari 39 EWS Milik Dishub Jatim di Perlintasan KA Kabupaten Blitar Rusak," detikJatim, 3 Maret 2023. [Online]. Tersedia: detik.com.

. L. Ariani, Pendeteksi Sarana Kereta Api Terhadap Pola Deteksi Gandar Menggunakan Sensor Inductive Proximity, Madiun: Politeknik Perkeretaapian Indonesia Madiun, 2023.

T. Arifianto, B. R. Antoro, dan S. Triwijaya, "Peningkatan Tingkat Akurasi Pembacaan Rail Detector Berbasis Inductive Proximity Dengan Penambahan Fungsi Reversible Counter," Jurnal FTI, 2020. [Online]. Tersedia: jurnalfti.unmer.ac.id.

A. V. Oppenheim and R. W. Schafer, Discrete-Time Signal Processing, 3rd ed., Prentice Hall, 2010.

J. S. Bendat and A. G. Piersol, Random Data: Analysis and Measurement Procedures, 4th ed., Wiley, 2010.

ISO 20907-1:2018, Proximity sensors — Part 1: Performance test methods, International Organization for Standardization, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://www.iso.org/standard/69397.html

IEC 62236-3-1:2014, Railway applications — Electromagnetic compatibility — Part 3-1: Rolling stock — Emission and immunity, International Electrotechnical Commission, 2014. [Online]. Available: https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/6150

IEEE Std 681-1991, Recommended Practice for Power Cable Ampacity Deratings, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 1991.

H. Kim and S. Lee, "Short-range inductive sensing for wheel detection systems," IEEE Sensors Journal, vol. 19, no. 12, pp. 4457–4464, 2019.

J. Fraden, Handbook of Modern Sensors: Physics, Designs, and Applications, 5th ed., Springer, 2016.

B. R. Gaines and D. L. George, "Fundamentals of electromagnetic sensing technologies," Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, vol. 114, no. 2-3, pp. 228-236, 2004.

ISO 20907-1:2018, Proximity sensors — Part 1: Performance test methods, International Organization for Standardization, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://www.iso.org/standard/69397.html

D. J. Miller et al., "Limitations in inductive proximity sensors for industrial automation applications," Industrial Electronics Magazine, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 35-44, 2020.

F. R. Menendez et al., "Improving wheel detection accuracy for railway safety systems," Measurement, vol. 147, pp. 106868, 2019.

IEC 62236-3-1:2014, Railway applications — Electromagnetic compatibility — Part 3-1: Rolling stock — Emission and immunity, International Electrotechnical Commission, 2014. [Online]. Available: https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/6150

IEEE Std 681-1991, Recommended Practice for Power Cable Ampacity Deratings, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 1991.

M. Hansen and J. Schmidt, "Challenges in mounting proximity sensors for industrial applications," Sensors and Instrumentation Journal, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 154–160, 2021.

P. L. Sánchez et al., "Environmental effects on inductive proximity sensor performance in rail applications," IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 68, no. 10, pp. 9612-9620, 2021.

R. K. Gupta and S. Mehta, "Adaptive calibration techniques for industrial proximity sensing systems," Journal of Electrical Engineering, vol. 87, no. 1, pp. 23-30, 2020.

K. T. Lee et al., "Real-time error correction in wheel detection systems for railway safety," Measurement Science and Technology, vol. 31, no. 7, 2020.

IEC 62236-3-1:2014, Railway applications — Electromagnetic compatibility — Part 3-1: Rolling stock — Emission and immunity, International Electrotechnical Commission, 2014. [Online]. Available: https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/6150

IEEE Std 681-1991, Recommended Practice for Power Cable Ampacity Deratings, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 1991.

J. T. Nguyen et al., "Performance evaluation of low-cost speed measurement sensors for rail transit," IEEE Sensors Journal, vol. 18, no. 15, pp. 6194-6202, 2018.

M. Hansen and J. Schmidt, "Challenges in mounting proximity sensors for industrial applications," Sensors and Instrumentation Journal, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 154–160, 2021.

ISO/IEC 17025:2017, General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories, International Organization for Standardization, 2017.

IEC 62236-3-1:2014, Railway applications — Electromagnetic compatibility — Part 3-1: Rolling stock — Emission and immunity, International Electrotechnical Commission, 2014. [Online]. Available: https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/6150

R. K. Gupta and S. Mehta, "Adaptive calibration techniques for industrial proximity sensing systems," Journal of Electrical Engineering, vol. 87, no. 1, pp. 23-30, 2020.

K. T. Lee et al., "Real-time error correction in wheel detection systems for railway safety," Measurement Science and Technology, vol. 31, no. 7, 2020.

P. L. Sánchez et al., "Environmental effects on inductive proximity sensor performance in rail applications," IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 68, no. 10, pp. 9612-9620, 2021.

S. Kumar, A. Sharma, dan R. K. Singh, "Performance Analysis of Inductive Proximity Sensors for Railway Wheel Detection," Sensors, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 1155, Jan. 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/3/1155

M. T. Hossain, S. M. A. Kamal, dan F. Ahmed, "Development of Arduino Based Real-Time Train Speed Monitoring System," International Journal of Computer Applications, vol. 176, no. 5, pp. 30-38, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.ijcaonline.org/archives/volume176/number5/30508-2020918432

J. Zhang, L. Wang, dan Y. Liu, "A Review of Train Speed Measurement Techniques," IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 70, no. 6, pp. 5557-5570, Jun. 2021. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9334504

S. Patel dan R. Desai, "Improvement of Inductive Sensor Accuracy Using Machine Learning Algorithms for Railway Applications," dalam Proc. 2023 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology (ICIT), Melbourne, Australia, 2023, pp. 345-350. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10079235

International Electrotechnical Commission, "IEC 62614-1:2019 Railway applications — Train detection and monitoring — Part 1: General requirements," IEC, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/59127

R. Fernandes, P. N. Vasconcelos, dan M. L. Da Silva, "Challenges and best practices for calibration of low-cost sensors in railway environments," Measurement, vol. 192, Mar. 2022, Art. no. 110917. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0263224121007094